Sending children to prison may make them more likely to commit sexual offences in adulthood, according to a new briefing from the Commission on Sex in Prison which reached its conclusion after hearing evidence that the single-sex prison environment, with its high levels of violence and use of force, could lead to the development of sexual aggression.
The Commission found that the needs of vulnerable children could not be met in large prisons with low staff-to-child ratios. All prisons for boys in England hold at least 130 children, and the Government plans to build an even larger institution – a secure college with a capacity of 320. Evidence from the Bureau of Justice Statistics in the US suggests that placing children in prisons holding 100 or more puts them at risk of sexual abuse from other children and staff.
Established by the Howard League for Penal Reform, the Commission is approaching the end of a two-year inquiry into the issues and problems surrounding sex in prison.
The Commission heard that it is difficult for children in custody to develop a healthy sexual identity. Normal adolescent sexual experimentation is frowned upon in prison. The Commission found that punishment for normal sexual behaviours could evoke feelings of guilt or shame for boys in prison and could increase the risk of sexual offending. Homophobia in boys’ prisons is common, the inquiry heard, and children can be punished for developing relationships with other prisoners. Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender children are more isolated in prison and more vulnerable to bullying or abuse by children and staff.
The briefing paper cites Youth Justice Board statistics which show 5 per cent of children in custody have been convicted of sexual offences. Many of these children will also have been victims of sexual abuse. The Commission heard that children undergoing programmes in prison for sexual offences were encouraged to develop intimacy and relationship skills as part of their treatment. When these children returned to the prison wing, however, intimacy and relationship skills were not permitted by the prison regime.
The briefing paper recommends that, on the rare occasions when a child needs to be incarcerated, they should only be held in small units with highly-trained and well-managed staff, where education, therapeutic and behavioural provision can be tailored to their individual needs.